Mahatma gandhi biography encyclopedia

The violent act took the life of a pacifist who spent his life preaching nonviolence. Godse and a co-conspirator were executed by hanging in November Additional conspirators were sentenced to life in prison. Satyagraha remains one of the most potent philosophies in freedom struggles throughout the world today. Martin Luther King. Winston Churchill.

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Lee Harvey Oswald. Watch Next. Gandhi wanted a unified India and did not agree to the division. He called for peace and brotherhood during the riots that accompanied the much-disputed partition of the country. On January 30,a young Hindu assassinated Gandhi during his usual evening prayer meeting in New Delhi. Moon, Penderel. Gandhi and Modern India.

New York : W. Norton and Company, Payne, Robert. The Life and Death of Mahatma Gandhi. New York : E. Dutton and Co. Rawding, F. Gandhi and the Struggle for India's Independence. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. January 8, Retrieved January 08, from Encyclopedia. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list.

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Without unity, multicultural India would fall apart. His vision and warnings proved prophetic. His appeal reached the Muslim masses, whose hatred of British rule was intensified by Britain's postwar annexation of the Turkish caliph's khilafat 's North African domain, after having so often denied any territorial ambitions during the war.

The Khilafat Movement, led by Shaukat and Mohammed Ali, was hailed by Gandhi as his own "cause," embracing the Ali brothers as his "brothers," leading many Hindus to question the wisdom of their Mahatma's political strategy in embracing that pan-Islamic movement.

Mahatma gandhi biography encyclopedia: Indian lawyer, politician, social

Tens of thousands of Indian Muslims abandoned homes in India to march north to Afghanistan in support of a caliph "deputy" of Godwhose soldiers erected barbed wire at his borders to stop them. Moderate Muslim leaders of India's National Congress, like Barrister Mohammad Ali Jinnah, also disapproved of Gandhi's revolutionary appeals to India's Muslim masses, as well as to illiterate Hindu peasants to "boycott" all British goods and institutions, fearing he would only provoke violence.

Mahatma Gandhi listened to his "inner voice," however, as he launched nationwide satyagraha. From untilwhether in prison or on silent retreat in his last Central Indian ashram, Seva-Gram village of serviceor on one of his many "walking pilgrimages" pada yatra s"Great Soul" Gandhi was hailed by his Congress Working Committee followers as virtually divine, even after he resigned from the Congress, whose Constitution he had rewritten and democratized.

For Mahatma Gandhi was never primarily a political leader, sickened by the corruption, falsehood, and jealous in-fighting of politics, turning away from it to his cotton spinning, rural uplift work, and the struggle against "untouchability," which he viewed as the darkest sin of Hinduism, and to his holistic health cures, including Brahmacharya.

After the Nagpur Congress in Decemberwhen Gandhi won the clear support of an overwhelming majority of new delegates to launch his multiple-boycott noncooperation movement nationwide, he lost the backing of many influential moderate leaders, most important of whom was Jinnah, who later led his Muslim League in demanding a separate Muslim nation-state of Pakistan.

When Gandhi launched nationwide satyagrahahe optimistically promised his Congress followers freedom swaraj from the British Raj in one year. Long before that, however, he learned of the murders by immolation of twenty-one Indian police, forced to burn inside their wooden station house by a mob of satyagrahi s in Chauri Chaura.

Mahatma gandhi biography encyclopedia: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi () was an.

For the first requirement and virtue of any satyagrahi was ahimsa. The remorseful Mahatma abandoned all political action and retired to the peaceful calm of his rural ashram, spinning cotton on his hand loom, weaving it into cloth "of our own country" sva-deshiremaining silent one day every week, periodically fasting. Jawaharlal Nehruwhen he learned in his prison cell of Gandhi's decision to call off India's revolution, wrote "We were angry.

Soon after the British realized how unpopular Gandhi had become, they arrested him. When he almost died of appendicitis inhowever, he was released for surgery, after which he returned to rural and religious reform work. Gandhi risked his own life fighting this "age-long prejudice," arousing the ire of many orthodox Brahmans, who viewed him as a "traitor" to his faith.

Inwhen British prime minister J. Ramsay MacDonald classified "untouchables" as "separate" from "upper caste Hindus," awarding them a separate bloc of electoral seats on enlarged councils, as the British had earlier done with India's Muslims, Gandhi launched a fast-unto-death, determined to sacrifice his life rather than allow "perfidious Albion" further to divide and thus longer to rule over India's "enslaved" population.

He thus brilliantly united his religious and political powers, magnifying the force of each, forcing the Raj withdraw its "Communal Award," rather than to risk allowing a Mahatma to die protesting it. Untouchable leaders, like Dr. Ambedkar, however, who had lobbied at London's Round Table Conferences for those separate electorate seats, angrily resented Gandhi's intervention, considering him no better than the most reactionary of Brahmans.

But Gandhi continued his long struggle to abolish untouchability, renaming Hindu "outcastes" Harijans children of Godinsisting that at least one of them should always live in his ashram, treating them as his own "children. Gandhi's most famous satyagraha began on 12 Marchwhen he led a band of faithful disciples on his mile antisalt tax march south from Sabarmati ashram to Dandi beach.

The British Raj long enforced its monopoly on the sale of salt throughout India, annual tax revenue from which was second only to that collected from land. Before year's end, every jail cell in India was filled with more than 60, salt satyagrahi s. Gandhi never contested any jail sentence, welcoming each return to his prison "temple" mandir cell.

During most of his years behind bars, he prayed while spinning cotton. In the final decades of his life, he rejected the concept of "just war," insisting that all mass violence was evil. Some of his closest British Christian mahatmas gandhi biography encyclopedia abandoned him when, shortly after the beginning of World War IIGandhi launched his individual satyagrahasending his most devout disciple, Vinoba Bhaveout publicly to break British martial law.

The British Raj waited, however, before arresting Gandhi himself, reluctant to rouse mass Indian opposition while Japan was fast approaching India's eastern border. Early in Augustthe Congress Working Committee appealed to Gandhi to come to Bombay to lead them again in one final mass satyagraha to end the Raj. Gandhi agreed, resolved to demand that every British soldier and civilian immediately "Quit India.

Mahatma Gandhi was deeply depressed by postwar conflicts in India, primarily between Hindus and Muslims, who fought over the imminent division of British India's loaves and fishes, as the few remaining days of the Raj dwindled. Britain's newly elected Labour Government, led by Prime Minister Clement Attleefound its Indian "jewel" more a liability than an asset.

Partition would be the "vivisection of Mother India," Gandhi cried. But when Mountbatten announced his partition plan early in Junehe set the date for all British troops to be withdrawn from South Asia at the midnight birth of independent India on 15 August That was also when multicultural Bengal and the Punjab were slashed in half—the latter "Land of Five Rivers" through its Sikh population's heart—triggering the most tragic flight of over 10 million terrified Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs who awoke to find themselves on the wrong side of unguarded, ineptly drawn borders, leaving a million innocents to die in the following months.

At his evening prayer meetings in New DelhiMahatma Gandhi cried out against the tragic plight of old Delhi's Muslims, violently driven from their ancestral homes, robbed, beaten, or murdered by Sikh and Hindu mobs maddened by reports of Muslim rapes and murders of Hindus and Sikhs in Pakistan's Punjab and North-West Frontier province.

Page Talk. Read Change Change source View history. Tools Tools. In other projects. New DelhiDominion of India. Raj Ghat Gandhi Smriti. Indian Empire until Dominion of India from Leadership of the campaign for India's independence from British rule Nonviolent resistance. Kasturba Gandhi. Harilal Manilal Ramdas Devdas. Karamchand Gandhi Putlibai Gandhi.

Mahatma Gandhi's voice. Mahatma Gandhi's spiritual message to the world Recorded 17 October Early life [ change change source ]. As an activist [ change change source ]. Death [ change change source ]. See the main article: Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi. References [ change change source ]. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mohandas K.