Emperor aurangzeb or alamgir

Attempting to reassert his authority, Amir Khan led a large Mughal Army to the Khyber Passwhere the army was surrounded by tribesmen and routed, with only four men, including the Governor, managing to escape. Aurangzeb's incursions into the Pashtun areas were described by Khushal Khan Khattak as "Black is the Mughal's heart towards all of us Pathans".

Aurangzeb also proceeded to use bribery to turn the Pashtun tribes against each other, with the aim that they would distract a unified Pashtun challenge to Mughal authority, and the impact of this was to leave a lasting legacy of mistrust among the tribes. After that the revolt spread, with the Mughals suffering a near total collapse of their authority in the Pashtun belt.

Emperor aurangzeb or alamgir: Aurangzeb is known for being

The closure of the important Attock - Kabul trade route along the Grand Trunk road was particularly disastrous. Bythe situation had deteriorated to a point where Aurangzeb camped at Attock to personally take charge. Switching to diplomacy and bribery along with force of arms, the Mughals eventually split the rebels and partially suppressed the revolt, although they never managed to wield effective authority outside the main trade route.

Bythe conquest of Golconda and Mughal victories in the south expanded the Mughal Empire to 4 million square kilometres, [ ] with a population estimated to be over million. The Indologist Stanley Wolpert says that:. The conquest of the Deccan, to which Aurangzeb devoted the last twenty-six years of his life, was in many ways a Pyrrhic victory, costing an estimated hundred thousand lives a year during its last decade of fruitless, chess-game warfare The expense in gold and rupees can hardly be imagined or accurately estimated.

Alamgir's moving capital alone-a city of tents thirty miles in circumference, two hundred and fifty bazaars, with half a million camp followers, fifty thousand camels, and thirty thousand elephants, all of whom had to be fed, stripped peninsular India of any and all of its surplus grain and wealth Not only famine, but bubonic plague arose Even Alamgir had ceased to understand the purpose for it all by The emperor was nearing ninety by then I do not know who I am, nor what I have been doing," the dying old man confessed to his son in February Even when ill and dying, Aurangzeb made sure that the populace knew he was still alive, for if they had thought otherwise then the turmoil of another war of succession was likely.

He had only rupees with him which were later given to charity as per his instructions and he prior to his death requested not to spend extravagantly on his funeral but to keep it simple. It is sited in the courtyard of the shrine of the Sufi saint Shaikh Burhan-u'd-din Gharib, who was a disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya of Delhi. Brown writes that after his death, "a string of weak emperors, wars of succession, and coups by noblemen heralded the irrevocable weakening of Mughal power".

She notes that the populist but "fairly old-fashioned" explanation for the decline is that there was a reaction to Aurangzeb's oppression. His sons failed to reach a satisfactory agreement and fought against each other in a war of succession. Aurangzeb's immediate successor was his third son Azam Shahwho was defeated and killed in June at the battle of Jajau by the army of Bahadur Shah Ithe second son of Aurangzeb.

Immediately after Bahadur Shah occupied the throne, the Maratha Empire — which Aurangzeb had held at bay, inflicting high human and monetary costs even on his own empire — consolidated and launched effective invasions of Mughal territory, seizing power from the weak emperor. Within decades of Aurangzeb's death, the Mughal Emperor had little power beyond the walls of Delhi.

Aurangzeb's rule has been the subject of both praise and controversy. Some critics assert that the persecution of ShiasSufis and non-Muslims to impose practices of orthodox Islamic state, such as imposition of sharia and jizya religious tax on non-Muslims, doubling of custom duties on Hindus while abolishing it for Muslims, executions of Muslims and non-Muslims alike, and destruction of temples eventually led to numerous rebellions.

Moin Shakir and Sarma Festschrift argue that he often used political opposition as pretext for religious persecution, [ ] and that, as a result, groups of JatsMarathasSikhsSatnamis and Pashtuns rose against him. Multiple interpretations of Aurangzeb's life and reign over the years by critics have led to a very complicated legacy. Some argue that his policies abandoned his predecessors' legacy of pluralism and religious tolerance, citing his introduction of the jizya tax and other policies based on Islamic ethics ; his demolition of Hindu temples ; the executions of his elder brother Dara ShikohKing Sambhaji of Maratha [ ] [ ] and Sikh Guru Tegh Bahadur [ ] [ ] [ l ] and the prohibition and supervision of behaviour and activities that are forbidden in Islam such as gambling, fornication, and consumption of alcohol and narcotics.

Muhammad Al-Munajjid has argued that the opinions from Islamic scholarly community towards Aurangzeb were positive because of the emperor's general attitude and actions, such as abolishing Bid'ah celebrations, musics, and the customs of bowing and kissing the ground which were done by his predecessors, practically adhering to the practice of Salafi while still held to Hanafite creed.

In Pakistanauthor Haroon Khalid writes that, "Aurangzeb is presented as a hero who fought and expanded the frontiers of the Islamic empire" and "is imagined to be a true believer who removed corrupt practices from religion and the court, and once again purified the empire. Muhammad Iqbalconsidered the spiritual founder of Pakistan, admired Aurangzeb.

Iqbal Singh Sevea, in his book on the political philosophy of the thinker, says that "Iqbal considered that the life and activities of Aurangzeb constituted the starting point of Muslim nationality in India ". Jinnahthe founder of Pakistan, to be the greatest Muslim since Aurangzeb. Beyond the individual appreciations, Aurangzeb is seminal to Pakistan's national self-consciousness, as historian Ayesha Jalalwhile referring to the Pakistani textbooks controversymentions M.

Zafar's A Text Book of Pakistan Studies where we can read that, under Aurangzeb, "Pakistan spirit gathered in strength", while his death "weakened the Pakistan spirit. As ofabout towns and villages of India have been named after Aurangzeb. Jawaharlal Nehru wrote that, due to his reversal of the cultural and religious syncretism of the previous Mughal emperors, Aurangzeb acted "more as a Moslem than an Indian ruler", [ ] while Mahatma Gandhi was of the view that there was greater degree of freedom under Mughal rule than the British rule and asks that "in Aurangzeb's time a Shivaji could emperor aurangzeb or alamgir.

Has one emperor aurangzeb or alamgir and fifty years of the British rule produced any Pratap and Shivaji? The epithet Aurangzeb means 'Ornament of the Throne'. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read View source View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item.

Mughal emperor from to This article is about the sixth Mughal emperor. For the Indian movie of the same name, see Aurangzeb film. Portrait by Bichitrc. See list. Other governmental responsibilities. Tomb of AurangzebKhuldabadMaharashtra, India. Dilras Banu Begum. Nawab Bai. Second Deccan governorate. Main article: Mughal war of succession — Ancestors of Aurangzeb 8.

Jahangir [ 68 ] 9. Mariam-uz-Zamani [ 70 ] 2. Shah Jahan I [ 67 ] Udai Singh I [ 71 ] 5. Jagat Gosain [ 68 ] Manrang Devi [ 71 ] 1. Aurangzeb I'timad-ud-Daulah [ 72 ] 6. Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan [ 69 ] Asmat Begam [ 73 ] 3. Mumtaz Mahal [ 67 ] Ghias ud-din 'Ali Asaf Khan [ 74 ] 7. Diwanji Begum [ 69 ]. See also: Religious policy of the Mughals after Akbar.

See also: Execution of Sambhaji. In the yearaccording to Mughal accounts, Sambhaji was put on trial, found guilty of atrocities [ ] and executed. Guru Tegh Bahadur was publicly executed in on the orders of Aurangzeb in Delhi [ ]. Sarmad Kashania Jewish convert to Islam and Sufi mystic was accused of heresy and executed. Seventeenth-century Badshahi Masjid built by Aurangzeb in Lahore.

Shawls manufactured in the Mughal Empire had highly influenced other cultures around the world. Relations with the Safavid dynasty.

Emperor aurangzeb or alamgir: Aurangzeb, the sixth emperor and a

Relations with the French. He described his experiences in Travels in the Mughal Empire. French map of the Deccan. Relations with the Sultanate of Maldives. Relations with the Ottoman Empire. Relations with the English and the Anglo-Mughal War. See also: Anglo-Mughal War — Relations with the Ethiopian Empire. Relations with the Tibetans, Uyghurs, and Dzungars.

Relations with the Czardom of Russia. Mughal—Maratha Wars. Main article: Mughal—Maratha Wars. See also: Maratha Empire. Aurangzeb leads his final expeditionleading an army oftroops. See also: Tomb of Aurangzeb. While formally declaring the state to be an Islamic one, showing respect to the shariaand observing its injunctions in his personal life, he did not reject any of the liberal measures of Akbar.

Shah Jahan's compromise was based not on principle but on expediency. See the article on Sarmad Kashani for references. ASI Aurangabad. Archived from the original PDF on 23 September Retrieved 21 March Retrieved 10 July Encyclopaedia Of Manipur 3 Vol. Gyan Publishing House.

Emperor aurangzeb or alamgir: The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb

ISBN Retrieved 20 March Ancient Pakistan. Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar : ISSN In gold there is no more type. Harvard University; Royal Irish Academy. Morality and Justice in Islamic Economics and Finance. Edward Elgar Publishing. Aurangzeb — Indian society and the making of the British Empire 1st pbk. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press.

Journal of World-Systems Research. ISSN X. Retrieved 12 September Retrieved 26 June Framing the Apocalypse: Visions of the End-of-Times. Retrieved 6 April Events that formed the modern world: from the European Renaissance through the War on Terror. Santa Barbara, Calif. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. India in the Persianate Age: — University of California Press.

OCLC The emperor who never was: Dara Shukoh in Mughal India. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press. Aurangzeb: the life and legacy of India's most controversial king. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. Islamic gunpowder empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press. Motilal Banarsidass. Retrieved 23 November Archived from the original on 6 January A History of Modern India, — 2nd ed.

London: Anthem Press. Penguin Books India. Parties and politics at the Mughal Court, — 4th ed. Oxford University Press. Captive princess: Zebunissa, daughter of Emperor Aurangzeb. Translated by Hamid, Enjum. Questions for the Historiography of his Reign". Modern Asian Studies. S2CID Heroes of Islam. Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraff, Bombay: Government Central Press.

Retrieved 29 April The Hindu. Retrieved 26 February Faruqui The Princes of the Mughal Empire, — Hardcover. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 15 March Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals. Har-Anand Publications. Retrieved 29 September The Mughal Empire. Allahabad: Chugh Publications. The Qiladar of the emperor aurangzeb or alamgir was Sidi Marjan Sidi Marjan and two of his sons were badly burnt Thus was the fort of Bidar taken after a siege of 27 days Sidi Marjan died of his wounds soon afterwards Aurangzeb arrived at Kalyani.

A Concise History of Modern India 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 2 May Aurangzeb in Muntakhab-al Lubab. Somaiya Publications. A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. IV, p. India's Agony Over Religion. State University of New York Press. Wolseley Dodwell, H. The Cambridge Shorter History of India. Clarendon Press.

Shah Jahan and his paradise on earth: the story of Shah Jahan's creations in Agra and Shahjahanabad in the golden days of the Mughals. Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India. Events That Formed the Modern World. Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions. Gyan Books. The Life and Times of Noor Jahan. Caravan Book House.

Emperor aurangzeb or alamgir: was the sixth Mughal emperor,

Stanford University Press. Sultan Aurangzeb was not like the other Moghul sultans; rather what is known from his biography is that he was a scholar, a devoted worshipper, an ascetic, pious and a poet. He followed the Hanafi madhhab with regard to minor issues, so he was not like the other Moghul sultans; rather he was better than all of them. Among his great deeds is that he fought against innovations and myths.

He stopped listening to music and singing — even though he was skilled in both — and he abolished idolatrous and innovated celebrations. He also abolished the customs of bowing and kissing the ground, which were done before rulers and kings before him. Many of those who have written biographies of him stated that he was a Sufi. Allah knows best about him and his beliefs.

There is nothing that we know about that for certain. What is most well-known in his biography is his deeds and his qualities such as his devotion to worship, asceticism and commitment to religion. His biographers have mentioned many good things in that regard. If we add to that his fighting innovations and myths, and his putting an end to Raafidi statelets, and his banning of innovated and idolatrous emperors aurangzeb or alamgir, it will become clear that he was a ruler who is deserving of respect and honour, and of supplications for good.

Allah guided him to do two things which none of the Muslim rulers before him had done:. Firstly, he did not give any scholar a stipend or salary but he required him, in return, to do some work, such as writing books or teaching, so that the scholars would not take the money and become lazy, thus combining two evils, namely taking money undeservedly and withholding knowledge.

So the fatwas were compiled for him, on his instructions and under his supervision and care, and were written in that book. Hence the book was called al-Fataawa al-Alamgiriyyah, after him, and became well known as al-Fataawa al-Hindiyyah, one of the most famous books of rulings in Islamic fiqh, and one of the most well organised of works. Everywhere the provincial viceroys began to assert imperial prestige.

Energetic Subedars extended the boundaries of the empire to Assam. Local notables found out that disobedience of orders would be tolerated no longer. The border tribes were taught that no violation of the imperial frontier would unpunished. The first organized revolt of the Hindus against the policy of religious persecution was that of the Jats.

The local Muslim officers at Mathura, Abdul Nabi was destroying temples of the Hindus and disrespecting their women. In A. D, he destroyed a Hindus temple and raised a Mosque on its ruins. The Jats under their leader Gokal revolted against this, in A. D, they killed Abdul Nabi. He defeated some small Muslim forces which were sent against him.

He was however defeated and killed at the battle of Tilpat. Defence National International Industry. International Global Trends. Canada News. UK News. US News. Saudi Arabia. World News. Here is everything you should know about the Mughal emperor. The Economic Times daily newspaper is available online now. Read Today's Paper. Why Aurangzeb is so controversial?

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