Biography of turkmenistan

Over-use of fertilizer contaminates the ground water. The most productive cotton lands in Turkmenistan the middle and lower Amu Darya and the Murgap oasis receive as much as kilograms of fertilizer per hectare, compared with the average application of 30 kilograms per hectare. Only 15 to 40 percent of the chemicals can be absorbed by cotton plants, while the remainder washes into the soil and subsequently into the groundwater.

Cotton requires more pesticides and defoliants than other crops, and farmers misuse these chemicals. Local herdsmen, unaware of the danger of DDT, mix the pesticide with water and applied it to their faces to keep away mosquitoes. In the late s, a drive began in Central Asia to reduce agrochemical usage. In Turkmenistan the campaign reduced fertilizer use 30 percent between and The territory of Turkmenistan has been populated since ancient times, especially the areas near oasis of Merv.

Tribes of horse-breeding Iranian Scythians drifted into the territory of Turkmenistan at about B. The scant remains that have been found point to some sparse settlements, including possibly early Neanderthals. The region's written history begins with its conquest by the Achaemenid Empire of ancient Persia B. Alexander the Great B. Around that time the Silk Road was established as a trading route between Asia and the Mediterranean.

In B. Located on an important trade route, Alexandria later became the city of Merv modern Mary. The ruins of Alexander's ancient city are still to be found. After Alexander's death his empire quickly fell apart. About years later Persia's Parthian Kingdom B. Nisa was believed to be founded by Arsaces I who reigned c. Excavations at Nisa have revealed substantial buildings, mausoleums and shrines, many inscribed documents, Hellenistic art works, and a looted treasury.

The Parthian Kingdom succumbed in C. By the seventh century, Merv and Nisa became centers of sericulture silkwormsand a busy caravan route, connecting China and the city of Baghdad in modern Iraqpassed through Merv. Beginning inthe Arabs organized periodic biography of turkmenistan raids deep into the region. Central Asia came under Arab control by the early eighth century and was incorporated into Islamic Caliphate divided between provinces of Mawara'un Nahr and Khurasan.

The Arabs brought Islam. The city of Merv was occupied by lieutenants of the caliph Uthman ibn Affan, and was the capital of Khorasan. Using this city as their base, the Arabs subjugated Balkh, Bokhara, Fergana and Kashgaria, and penetrated into China as far as the province of Kan-suh early in the eighth century. Abu Muslim d. The goldsmith of Merv famously challenged Abu Muslim to do the right thing and not make war on fellow Muslims.

The goldsmith was put to death. In the latter part of the eighth century, Merv became known as the center of heretical propaganda preached by al-Muqanna "The Veiled Prophet of Khorasan.

Biography of turkmenistan: The history of Turkmenistan traditionally began

Merv produced a number of scholars in Islamic law, Hadith, history, literature, and the like. In Arab rule in Central Asia came to an end. Bythe eastern parts of the Syr Darya were ruled by the Karluk Turks and the western region Oghuz steppe was ruled by the Oghuz Turks. Inthe Seljuk Turks crossed the Oxus from the north, and having defeated Masud, Sultan of Ghazni, raised Toghrul Beg, grandson of Seljuk, to the throne of Persia, founding the Seljukid dynasty, with its capital at Nishapur.

A younger brother of Toghrul, Daud, took possession of Merv and Herat. During the reign of Sultan Sanjar, in the middle of the eleventh century, Merv was overrun by the Turkish tribes of the Ghuzz from beyond the Oxus. After mixing with the settled peoples in Turkmenistan, the Oguz living north of the Kopet-Dag Mountains gradually became known as the Turkmen people.

InSeljuk rule came to an end in Khorasan, and the Turkic rulers of Khiva took control, under the title of Khwarezmshahs. The Turkmen became independent tribal federation. InMongol warriors swept across the region from their base in eastern Asia. Under the command of Genghis Khanthe Mongols conquered Khorasan and burned the city of Merv to the ground.

The Mongol leader ordered the massacre of Merv's inhabitants as well as the destruction of the province's farms and irrigation works. The Turkmen who survived the invasion retreated north to the plains of Kazakhstan or eastward to the shores of the Caspian Sea. Small, semi-independent states arose under the rule of the region's tribal chiefs later in the fourteenth century.

In the s, the Mongol leader Timur "The Lame" known as Tamerlane in Europea self-proclaimed descendant of Genghis Khanconquered Turkmen states once more and established the short-lived Timurid Empire, which collapsed after Timur's death inwhen Turkmens became independent once again. As the Turkmen migrated from the area around the Mangyshlak Peninsula in contemporary Kazakhstan toward the Iranian border region and the Amu Darya river basin, tribal Turkmen society further developed cultural traditions that would become the foundation of Turkmen national consciousness.

Persian shahs, Khivan khans, the emirs of Bukhara and the rulers of Afghanistan fought for control of Turkmenistan between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. Popular epics such as Korogly and other oral traditions took shape during this period which could be taken as a beginning of Turkmen nation. The poets and thinkers of the time, such as Devlet Mehmed Azadi and Magtymguly Pyragy, became a voice for an emerging nation, calling for unity, brotherhood and peace among Turkmen tribes.

Magtymguly is venerated in Turkmenistan as the biography of turkmenistan of the national literature. The Russian Empire began to spread into Central Asia during the Great Game, a period generally regarded as running from approximately to the Anglo-Russian Convention ofduring which Britain and Tsarist Russia competed for influence in Central Asia.

The Russian army continued fighting until it had secured Merv Mary in Slowly, Russian and European cultures were introduced. The Russians ended slavery, brought the Transcaspian Railroad, and brought Russian colonists. This was evident in the architecture of the newly formed city of Ashgabatwhich became the capital. The October Revolution of in Russia and subsequent political unrest led to the declaration of the area as the Turkmen SSR, one of the six republics of the Soviet Union inassuming the borders of modern Turkmenistan.

The tribal Turkmen people were encouraged to become secular and adopt Western-style clothing. The Turkmen alphabet was changed from the traditional Arabic script to Latin and finally to Cyrillic. The Turkmen people continued their nomadic lifestyle until Nationalist organizations existed during the s and the s. When the Soviet Union began to collapse, Turkmenistan and the rest of the Central Asian states heavily favored maintaining a reformed version of the state, mainly because they needed the economic power and the common markets of the Soviet Union to prosper.

Turkmenistan declared independence on October 27,one of the last republics to secede. Saparmurat Niyazov became chairman of the Supreme Soviet in Januaryand was elected as the country's first president that October. He was the only candidate in Turkmenistan's first presidential elections in A plebiscite extended his term toand parliament extended his term indefinitely in He styled himself as a promoter of traditional Muslim and Turkmen culture, calling himself "Turkmenbashi," or "leader of the Turkmen people.

The extent of his power was increased in the early s, and inhe became President-for-Life. Russian-Turkmeni relations suffered under his rule. A total of 46 people were found guilty of trying to assassinate Niyazov, who died unexpectedly on December 21,leaving no heir-apparent and an unclear line of succession. Retrieved 3 May The Prospects for Economic and Financial Cooperation.

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Biography of turkmenistan: Turkmenistan, second largest country

Oxford: — Archived from the original on 6 January Smith, Graham, ed. The Nationalities Question in the Soviet Union 2nd ed. Theroux, Paul 28 May The New Yorker. Retrieved 2 November Vilmer, Jean-Baptiste Editions Non Lieu. Turkmenistan at Wikipedia's sister projects. Turkmenistan articles. Agriculture Manat currency Telecommunications Transport.

Outline Index. Related articles. Countries and dependencies of Asia. States with limited recognition. Dependent territories. Christmas Island Cocos Keeling Islands. Special administrative regions of China. Hong Kong Macau. Category Asia portal. Emblem Flag. Northern Cyprus as Turkish Cypriot State. The government also issued gold and silver coins decorated with the president's portrait.

InBerdimuhamedow restored the Latin-based names of the months and traditional Persian and Turkic days of the week Niyazov had renamed them after himself and his motheramong other things[ 28 ] and announced plans to move the infamous gold rotating statue of Niyazov from Ashgabat's central square. In Septembera new constitution was accepted by the People's Council.

In DecemberBerdimuhamedow announced changes to the national anthemwhich involved removing the repeated references to former President Niyazov. The new version was to take effect on December 21, the second anniversary of Niyazov's death. In Februarypresident Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov was re-elected for a third term in office, after receiving He continued to rule as authoritarian strongman.

On 19 MarchSerdar Berdimuhamedov was sworn in as Turkmenistan's new president to succeed his father. He was declared the winner of the March 12 presidential election. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item.

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Biography of turkmenistan: History. Historically inhabited by Indo-Iranians, Turkmenistan's

Part of a series on the. Middle Ages. Early modern history. Modern history. Related historical regions. Ancient history [ edit ]. Arab conquests and Islamization [ edit ]. Oghuz tribes [ edit ]. Seljuks [ edit ]. Mongols and Timurids [ edit ]. New political arrangements [ edit ]. Turkmenistan in the 16th and 17th centuries [ edit ]. Russian colonization and Great Game [ edit ].

Revolution and civil war [ edit ]. Soviet Union [ edit ]. Perestroika and Glasnost [ edit ]. Priority over Soviet Union laws and negotiations on a new Treaty [ edit ]. Soviet coup attempt, the Transition Period and the end of the Soviet Union [ edit ]. Main articles: Soviet coup biography of turkmenistan ; Dissolution of the Soviet Union ; Transition period and cessation of the existence of the Soviet Union ; and Succession, continuity and legacy of the Soviet Union.

Independence and Turkmenbashi [ edit ]. Independent country and the Commonwealth [ edit ]. Death of Niyazov [ edit ]. Since [ edit ]. See also [ edit ]. Notes [ edit ]. Archived from the original on May 30, Retrieved March 18, Archived PDF from the original on April 12, Archived from the original on November 10, Curtis, Glen E. Turkmenistan: A Country Study.

Federal Research Division. An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. They are separate from Oghuzbut they are Turkmens like Oghuz. Archived from the original on July 23, Retrieved December 20, Over time, these peoples were divided into numerous clans, [and indeed] in every era [new] subdivisions arose from each division, and each for a specific reason and occasion received its name and nickname, like the Oghuz, who are now generally called the Turkmens [Turkman], they are also divided into Kipchaks, Kalach, Kangly, Karluk and other tribes related to them Tyskland: Springer International Publishing.

History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Towards the contemporary period: from the mid-nineteenth to the end of the twentieth century. ISBN Archived from the original on February 3, Retrieved July 13, USA Today. Associated Press. February 16, Archived from the original on February 27, Retrieved April 26, February 21, Authorities blame "mercenaries" acting for exiled opposition leaders who in turn accuse Niyazov of staging incident as excuse to crack down.

Opposition activist and former foreign minister Boris Shikhmuradov is soon arrested, accused of being mastermind and sentenced to life imprisonment. More than 40 others convicted and jailed. President Niyazov decree cancels dual citizenship agreement with Russia, sparking diplomatic row with Moscow. Suggests closing hospitals other than those in capital.